Developmental changes in tibia and humerus of goose: morphometric, densitometric, and mechanical analysis.

The skeletal system of young animals undergoes a series of intensive and rapid changes. In this study, we aimed to verify the hypothesis that geese exhibit a distinct pattern of bone growth compared to gallinaceous species. Specifically, we hypothesised that geese would experience an accelerated growth rate in the humerus bone, which can be attributed to the increased wing mobility facilitated by their rearing in free-range systems. This need for access to both ground and water environments contributes to the unique demands placed on their skeletal development. We focused on evaluating the mechanical properties and geometry of the humerus as the forelimb bone, and the tibia as the hindlimb bone. The 320 geese used in this study were divided into 12 groups according to sex (females and males) and age (0-,1-,3-,6-,8-,12-,14-week-old). To assess bone mechanical properties, a three-point bending test was performed, along with densitometry and morphological measurements. The tibiae of the geese showed the most intensive growth until 6 weeks of age and then stabilised. The wing bones (humerus) showed only slight changes in the first weeks after hatching, and then a rapid growth between the third and sixth week, both in terms of mechanical and morphological properties. This is most likely due to a change in the geese's living environment during this period, i.e., allowing them to leave their enclosures and enter open space, which gives them the opportunity to use their wings, resulting in the rapid growth of the wing bones to support increasing muscle mass in this area. This study increases our understanding of bone growth and development in domesticated birds, specifically waterfowl species, and highlights the importance of rearing methods on the proper bone development and functionality of the entire skeletal system, and thus, on their welfare.

Prenatal acrylamide exposure results in time-dependent changes in liver function and basal hematological, and oxidative parameters in weaned Wistar rats.

Acrylamide (ACR) is a toxic compound commonly found in fried, baked and heat-processed starchy foods. The current study investigated the time-dependent effects of maternal exposure to non-toxic ACR doses on the oxidative stress, liver function, and basal blood morphology of the rat offspring. Pregnant, Wistar rats were randomly divided into the control group or the groups administrated with ACR (3 mg/kg b.w./day): long exposure for 15 days, medium exposure for 10 days and short exposure for 5 days during pregnancy. Body mass, blood morphology and hematology, serum concentrations of growth hormone, IGF-1, TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6 and insulin, liver histomorphometry, liver activity of beclin1, LC2B and caspase3, markers of oxidative stress and the activity of antioxidative enzymes in blood serum and the liver were measured in offspring at weaning (postnatal day 21). Even short prenatal exposure to ACR led to oxidative stress and resulted in changes in liver histomorphometry and upregulation of autophagy/apoptosis. However, the most significant changes were observed following the long period of ACR exposure. This study has shown for the first time that ACR is responsible for changes in body mass in a time-dependent manner, which could lead to more serious illnesses like overweight and diabetes later in life.

Structural changes in the small intestine of female turkeys receiving a probiotic preparation are dose and region dependent.

Gut microbiota have been shown to play a critical role in the maintenance of host health. Probiotics, which regulate gut microbiota balance, could serve as an effective alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. Since changes in the gastrointestinal tract, caused by a variety of different strains, groups and amounts of microorganisms, may be reflected in its histological structure, the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of rising doses of a mixed probiotic preparation on the structure and development of the small intestine of female turkeys. Eighty, three-day-old, healthy, female turkeys (Big-6 breed) were used in the current (16-week) study. The turkeys were randomly allocated to four weight-matched (59.70 ± 0.83 g) groups (n = 20), according to probiotic treatment dose (0, 107 cfu•g-1, 108 cfu•g-1 or 109 cfu•g-1, in 500 g•1000 kg-1) (cfu - a colony-forming unit). Three, non-genetically modified strains of probiotic cultures obtained from poultry, four bacterial and one yeast culture, were used. Histomorphometric analysis of the structure of the small intestinal wall of the duodenum and jejunum was performed. All probiotic doses used in the current study exerted a beneficial effect on the histological structure of the small intestine; however, the observed effect was dose and region dependent. Significant increases in villi height, crypt depth, villi and crypt width, mucosa thickness, epithelial height, enterocyte number, absorption surface and intestinal ganglia geometric indices were observed, specifically in the duodenum of birds receiving an intermediate dose of probiotic (108 cfu•g-1). The probiotic doses used in the current study differed significantly in their effect on the small intestine (P < 0.01), with the intermediate dose (108 cfu•g-1) significantly improving 58% of the parameters assessed, compared to the control. The duodenum was more susceptible to the favourable effects of the probiotic than the jejunum (56% v. 31% improvement in the parameters assessed) (P < 0.01). The weakest favourable effect was observed in the group that received the highest dose of probiotic.

Dental caries and total antioxidant status of unstimulated mixed whole saliva in patients aged 16-23 years.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the studies performed was an attempt to establish a potential relationship between total antioxidant status of unstimulated whole saliva, patients' ages, oral hygiene status and dental caries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study involved 120 non-smokers. Mean age of the study subjects was 18.40 ± 1.74 years. Clinical examination was performed to evaluate the state of hard and soft oral tissues, and oral hygiene status. Additionally, biochemical tests and statistical studies were carried out. Laboratory examinations involved measuring the total antioxidant status level in supernatant using the Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) test from Randox. In statistical analysis, Spearman Rang correlation coefficient, Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann - Whitney test, logistic regression and ROC curve were used. The analysis was conducted using Statistica 9 software. RESULTS: Mean D, M, F and DMFT values were 4.04 ± 3.96; 0.09 ± 0.34; 5.00 ± 3.90; 9.05 ± 5.30, respectively. Mean OHI - S was 0.95 ± 0.76. Mean TAS value in the studied population was 0.82 ± 0.26 mmol/l. In the group of subjects without active dental caries, the level of the total antioxidant potential was higher, with a value of 0.89 ± 0.16 mmol/l, and in the study group subjects who had tooth decay it was 0.80 ± 0.28 mmol/l. It was found that TAS was higher in younger subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The conducted studies seem to allow for the following conclusions:TAS level in the supernatant of unstimulated whole saliva decreases with age; TAS level in the supernatant of unstimulated whole saliva is the highest in patients without caries, and the oral hygiene status does not have significant influence on TAS.

Hygienic habits and the dental condition in 12-year-old children.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was the description of the dental condition of hygienic routines in 12-year-old children in urban and rural areas of Lublin voivodship. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study comprised 274 children at the age of 12 (152 girls and 122 boys). 95 girls and 92 boys came from the urban area; 57 girls and 30 boys came from the rural area. RESULTS: On the basis of clinical examination it was concluded that 11.96% of boys and 18.95% of girls from the urban area and 6.67% boys and 8.77% of girls from the rural area brush their teeth after every meal; 60.87% of boys and 68.42% of girls from the urban area and 43.33% of boys and 50.88% of girls from the rural area brush their teeth twice; 22.83% of boys and 11.58% of girls from the urban area and 26.67% of boys and 28.07% of girls from the rural area brush their teeth once daily. DMF count was for boys from the urban area--4.12/girls--3.92 and for boys from the rural area 4.50/girls--4.29. The treatment indicator was for boys from the urban area--0.56/ girls - 0.47 and for boys from the rural area 0.35/girls--0.67. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the research conducted in the study, it was concluded that tooth brushing is more frequent with urban area children than in children from rural area. This leads to a conclusion that the action for improvement of the health awareness is a dire need among 12-year-olds both from urban and from rural areas.

The relationship between the levels of SigA, lactoferrin and alpha(1) proteinase inhibitor in saliva and permanent dentition caries in 15-year-olds.

A group of 15-year-olds were clinically examined for general state of dentition and level of dental caries. Unstimulated whole saliva from the subjects was laboratory tested to determine the levels of lactoferrin, Secretory IgA (SIgA) and alpha1 proteinase inhibitor. A significant relationship was found between the decayed surface index and the levels of lactoferrin, SIgA and alpha1 proteinase inhibitor in the unstimulated saliva. The decayed surface index rose with increases in the levels of lactoferrin, SIgA and alpha1 proteinase inhibitor, the relationship with alpha1 proteinase inhibitor being strongest.

Selected issues in the field of aesthetic dentistry.

On the basis of clinical experience and literature the role of colour in aesthetic dentistry has been described. Recently the dynamic development of aesthetic dentistry can be observed and every opportunity for a dentist to include the issues of aesthetics in dental treatment is extremely important. One of the most important factors in conservative dentistry as well as in dental prosthetics will be proper colour selection for reconstructive restoration, filling, inlay and prosthetic restoration.

The application of synthetic hydroxyapatite in children and adolescents in various clinical cases.

The possibility of application of HA-BIOCER synthetic hydroxyapatite in the treatment of enamel hypoplasia in children and adolescents manifested by mineralisation disorders, enamel underdevelopment, enamel deficiency and oversensitivity to mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli was evaluated. The possibility of applying the same preparation in case of enamel fractures and teeth injuries type I according to Ellis was also examined. It was found that the application of hydroxyapatite stimulates processes of remineralization in decalcified places. It also causes removal of tooth oversensitivity to thermal and mechanical stimuli by closing open dentinal tubules or decrease in their size. HA-BIOCER preparation brings about smoothing and lighting of hypoplastic foci, improves aesthetic appearance and is not toxic to patients.

Evaluation of dentition status and oral hygiene in Polish children and adolescents with congenital haemorrhagic diatheses.

AIM: To investigate the dental status and oral cleanliness of a group of patients with haemorrhagic diatheses and to compare these to values for a group of healthy controls. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of patients and controls. METHODS: The group of patients was made up of 80 children aged 4-18 years. The total included 77 patients with type A or type B haemophilia and three with von Willebrand's disease. The control group consisted of 80 healthy children of the same age range. A clinical examination was carried out to determine dental status and oral hygiene in the two groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences were found between the dental status of sick and healthy children. However, worse dental status was seen in children with severe forms of haemophilia A and von Willebrand's disease compared to other sick children. Oral hygiene status was worse in the sick children than in healthy children.

Traumatic injuries to permanent teeth in children treated in Department of Pedodontics, Medical Academy in Lublin.

The traumatic dental injuries in children represent the second, after dental caries, most common reason of attending the dental surgeries. The paper presents the statistical analysis of the patients attending the Department of Pedodontics, Medical Academy in Lublin due to the traumatic dental injuries.

[Studies on the relationship between functional disturbances of stomatognathic system and chronic suboccipital headaches]. / Badania nad zaleznoscia pomiedzy zaburzeniami czynnosciowymi narzadu zucia a przewleklymi podpotylicznymi bólami glowy.

The studied group comprised 139 patients with functional disturbances of the stomatognathic system. The effect was analysed of certain local factors causing functional disturbances of the stomatognathic system on the occurrence of chronic suboccipital headaches, and causative stomatological-prosthetic treatment was given. The obtained results confirmed the relationship between certain symptoms of functional stomatognathic system disturbances and chronic suboccipital headaches in these patients.

[Analysis of disturbances in the intra-articular conditions in temporomandibular joints in patients with suboccipital pains in relation to the type of dental loss]. / Analiza zaburzen w stosunkach wewnatrzstawowych w ssz u chorych z bólami podpotylicznymi w zaleznosci od rodzaju braków zebowych.

The studies material comprised 49 patients with suboccipital headaches and functional disturbances of the stomatognathic system. In the patients radiograms were taken of the temporomandibular joints by Schiller's method, clicks in these joints were analysed, and the type of teeth loss was studies. It was found that the extent and type of teeth loss had a significant effect on the occurrence of disturbances in the intra-articular conditions in these joints in the position of the mandibular heads and on the presence of clicks in the joints.

[Chronic pains of suboccipital and upper cervical area and functional disturbances of the stomatognathic system]. / Przewlekle bóle podpotyliczne i czesci szyjnej kregoslupa a zaburzenia czynnosciowe narzadu zucia.

The purpose of the work was to investigate the relationships between functional disturbances of the stomatognathic system and the occurrence of chronic pains in the suboccipital and upper cervical areas. In 37 patients clinical observations were done and in 25 cases radiograms of this part of the cervical spine were taken. A correlation was noted between pains in the cervical spine and mandibular parafunctions, disturbed mandibular movements, pains in the muscles on mandibular movements.

A rare case of numerous oral hairs in a 13-year-old boy with alopecia areata.

An extremely rare case of numerous oral hairs in a 13-year-old boy with alopecia areata is presented. The hairs growing from gingival pockets were black in color, similar to the hair on the patient's scalp. Microscopic examination of hairs from the oral cavity and those from the scalp showed differences in their structure.